Author: junglegardens

Mature tree near Bird City

Foliage of Japanese Sugi

Cryptomeria foliage

Seed Cones of Cryptomeria.

A “Witches Broom” on Cryptomeria

Cryptomeria japonica, commonly called Japanese cedar or Sugi, is a tall, evergreen conifer with tiered horizontal branching.  The genus Cryptomeria is monotypic and unrelated to the true cedars (Cedrus). It is endemic to forested areas in Japan, and the species has been cultivated for so long in China that it is often thought to also be native there.   Genetic analysis of the most famous Chinese population of Cryptomeria, containing trees estimated to be nearly 1,000 years old, supports the hypothesis that the population originates from an introduction and is not native.
Sugi is the national tree of Japan.  Many huge, impressive Sugi planted hundreds of years ago persist at temples and shrines throughout Japan.  Approximately 13,000 Sugi, planted 400 years ago, line the world-famous Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.  At 40 miles long,  it is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest tree-lined avenue in the world. It is estimated that originally 200,000 trees were planted. The Cedar Avenue of Nikkō is the only cultural property designated by the Japanese Government as both a Special Historic Site and a Special Natural Monument.
Two very large Cryptomeria trees occur in Jungle Gardens. One is located on the right side of the path leading down to Bird City.   With its unique foliage and impressive 24 inch diameter trunk, this grand tree is very easy to locate. The soft foliage is superficially similar to that of Giant Redwood, but longer.  Its small seed cones are brown when mature.
The second, even larger Cryptomeria is in an open, sparsely planted area adjacent to Holly Hedge Road, directly across the road from the famous Cleveland Oak. This truly spectacular Japanese Cedar has a 31 inch diameter trunk.
The two trees in Jungle Gardens are the original wild type of Sugi that occurs in Japan.  Many Sugi cultivars exist today. Both compact and dwarf forms are extremely popular in the nursery trade, so much so that the original natural type found here at Jungle Gardens is seldom seen or available for purchase.

Ginkgo leaves on Dec. 17th, along path, outside the forest.

Ginkgo Seedling

Seeds from previous years

The forest prior to cutting back and exposing the Ginkgos

As I began cutting back the brush to expose the Ginkgo Trees.

Looking better, trees exposed. Now just to remove the vines.

Show how far in to the forest the Ginkgos and Cast Iron Plants were.

The forest now cut back exposing the two Ginkgo trees and Aspidistra at their base.

Two adult Ginkgo trees after cutting back the forest

The Value of a Fallen Leaf–The Rediscovery of Ginkgo biloba in Jungle Gardens

On December 17, 2017, I walked along the edge of a forest in Jungle Gardens.  It was a path I had walked many times earlier that year, only this time a single fallen leaf caught my attention.  Its brilliant yellow color and familiar shape belonged to a tree I knew very well but had never seen in the gardens.  It was Ginkgo biloba, the maidenhair tree or Ginkgo tree.

I was so surprised to see this leaf that I continued searching the area. As I got closer to the edge of the woods, the number of Ginkgo leaves increased until the ground was covered with them.  But, where was the tree, and how could I have missed it previously?

The forest in this area is compose primarily of large bamboos, as well as Viburnum suspensum, Podocarpus macrophyllus (Japanese Yew) and Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor tree).  The dense growth of viburnum mixed with culms of bamboo created an impenetrable wall that concealed everything in the forest growing behind it.  I made my way into this tangled jungle of plants, and about 12 feet into the brush I came upon two very large, tall trees growing only a few feet apart. When I looked up into their canopy I immediately knew I had found the source of the Ginkgo leaves.  Both trunks were covered in large vines and completely obscured from visibilty.  I carefully studied the area where they were growing.  The  abundance of seedling Ginkgoes all about the forest floor near the trees indicated the two Ginkgoes were male and female.  A substantial planting of Aspidistra elatior, the Cast Iron plant, grew around the base of the Ginkgo trees, a clear indication of prior landscaping.  At one time the Ginkgo trees and the Aspidistra were at the forefront of the edge of the forest. Over many decades other more aggressive plants mentioned above engulfed the area and obscured the landscaping and the Ginkgo trees.

Over the weeks that followed I took it upon myself to cut back the forest.  I removed all of the weedy introduced plants that were in front of the trees, and the vines covering the trees.  Thus bringing the Ginkgoes and Cast Iron plants as they were meant to be.

Both trees are very tall, though one is considerably larger than the other.  The larger tree is 24 inches in diameter and the smaller 14 inches. While there bases are 5 feet apart, many of their limbs touch and coil around each other.

Spring came and the trees began to leaf out. With the aid of binoculars I was able to determine which tree was male and which female.  By mid-July I began finding freshly fallen Ginkgo seeds.  Generally Ginkgoes shed their seeds in Autumn. Perhaps their early release was due to the heavy rains experienced those weeks. The many seedlings growing around the adults are mostly 6-7 inches tall, although some are 12 or even 14 inches tall.

This fall and winter I plan to explore the wooded area behind the Ginkgo trees to see if perhaps older seedlings are present.

The Ginkgo trees of Jungle Gardens are once again easily seen, in full view in front of the forest as they were intended to be.

Large Male Tree at Bird City

Closeup of foliage

Closeup of foliage

Young Nageia seeds

Mature purple seeds

Dichotomous Venation of leaf

Close up of leaf venation

Volunteer Nageia Seedling

Female Tree at Bird City

Mature male tree

Pealing Bark of Nageia

Grove of smaller trees

Female Tree at Bird City

Volunteer Seedling

Nageia Nagi  (formerly Podocarpus nagi, Broadleaf Podocarpus)

One of the rarest and therefore most interesting trees in Jungle Gardens is Nageia nagi, the Asian Bayberry.  This tree is seldom seen in cultivation, though it grows exceptionally well throughout the southern United States.

Nageia belongs to the podocarp family, Podocarpaceae, and was previously called Podocarpus nagi,  It was recently separated from Podocarpus and other genera in the Podocarpaceae because of its broad, flat, subopposite leaves lacking a midrib.  The leaves superficially resemble those of the unrelated and more famous New Zealand Kauri conifer, or Agathis.  Nageia‘s very attractive evergreen foliage has distinctive, dichotomously branched leaf venation, a pattern seldom seen in woody plants. The trees are unisexual, producing either male or female flowers.

The most impressive Asian Bayberries in Jungle Gardens are those located at Willow Pond near Bird City.  Two mature trees are just above the stone walkway that leads from the observation tower of Bird City toward the nearby Giant Bamboo Grove.  An extremely large, presumably very old male tree is about 60 feet tall and 19.5 inches in diameter.  Nearby there is a much smaller female tree. The pronounced size and age difference between these two trees suggests that a larger female tree was likely present at one time but has since been lost.  The smaller female tree is probably an offspring.  Numerous young volunteer Nageia seedlings grow in the adjacent Giant Bamboo Grove.  The larger male tree has peculiar scaly bark that peels off in vertical strips.  The smaller female tree produces an abundance of large, grape-size seeds nearly every year.  In the autumn the outer covering of the seeds turns dark purple as they mature and later fall to the ground.

A second grove of Asian Bayberries is located directly across from the parking area of Sunken Garden.  I estimate there are as many as 60 or more Nageia trees at this location. With the exception of one larger specimen growing apart, the trees range in size from only 1-4 inches in diameter.  The sheer concentration of trees in such close proximity makes the grove virtually impenetrable.  The large number of similarly sized trees suggests that this grove might have arisen as either a dense planting of young plants or from sown seeds.  Many of these small trees are mature, as evidenced by numerous seedlings appearing every year around the grove.

These trees should be a the top of the list of plants to find when visiting Jungle Gardens.

Formosana gum balls

Hybrid leaves from Dec.

Hybrid leaves Spring 2018

Chinese Sweet Gum Leaves

Chinese Sweet Gum

Liquidambar formosana,  Asian Sweet Gum,   Formosa Gum

Liquidambar formosana, commonly known as the Chinese sweet gum or Formosan gum, is a tree native to Eastern Asia.  There are two very large examples of this species growing side by side in Jungle Gardens.  The tree’s distinctive leaves are three-lobed, unlike the five to seven lobed leaves of the North American species, L. styraciflua.  The foliage of L. formosana turns an attractive red and yellow in autumn.  In its native Eastern Asia, the leaves are used to feed silk worms, and the wood is highly prized for making tea chests.

The individual flowers of L. formosana are monoecious (unisexual), but both male and female flowers can be found on the same plant.  Male flowers are in long, pendant catkins, whereas female flowers form dense, spherical heads, known as ‘gum balls.’  The fruits are burr-like because of the persistent female floral structures known as ‘styles.’

Although Liquidambar formosana is uncommon in cultivation,  I have seen it growing at the New York Botanical Garden and similar gardens in the Eastern United States, so it has a wide range of growing zones.

The two trees in Jungle Gardens flower every year and produce many gum balls, but I have not observed any seedlings in their vicinity.  I estimate the trees to be in excess of 80 years old, they are 24.5 and 22.5 inches in diameter.

I will never underestimate the value of exploring for trees in fall months when most are in some stage of dropping their foliage.  On December 16,  2017, while exploring a wooded ravine near the Old Nursery in Jungle Gardens with tree expert Adam Black of Peckerwood Gardens in TX, we discovered two trees that initially we identified as L. formosana.  Both trees, one in the ravine bottom, the other on the crest of the ravine, are 5.25 inches in diameter, suggesting they are the same age.  We first observed fallen leaves.  Their bright yellow color and unmistakable three-lobed leaves left little to the imagination as to their identity.   Two days later I returned to collect some of these leaves to make a voucher specimen.  Both trees had lost most of their foliage; the few leaves that remained on the trees were so high up that none were within reach.  As I collected leaves from the ground below the tree I quickly noticed the variable number of lobes.  Many leaves had the standard three lobes, but some were asymmetrical with four lobes and others had five lobes.  My collection contained an assortment of leaves from each tree that had an inconsistent number of lobes.  I immediately became suspicious that these two trees were not L. formosana but more likely hybrids with our native Sweet Gum species.

Returning to Archives with the leaves, I photographed, pressed and dried them.  A few days later I emailed the photos to Richard Olsen of the US National Arboretum.  He immediately confirmed that the trees were hybrids between the two species.  He went on to say that such hybrids have been produced only under controlled conditions and were unknown to occur in natural wild populations.

The two hybrids are a considerable distance from one of the parents, L. formosana. The other parent, L. styraciflua, is abundant at this location. Since Liquidambar species are wind pollinated (anemophilous) trees, the great distance of the hybrids from the large Formosan Gums, would support the conclusion that the male parent was L. formosana and the female parent was native L. styraciflua.  Its more feasible for pollen grains to travel long distances than it would be for fruits and seeds.

I have repeatedly visited both hybrids all spring and summer, searching for any evidence of flowers.   As neither shows any evidence of having flowered and no fruit have been found, I suspect they may be sterile.

The two hybrid trees,  discovered by chance, were only noticed because of their bright yellow, fallen leaves. Now that I know the hybrid exists on Avery Island, I will continue to look for them, and I am optimistic that more will be discovered.

Ravine side behind Timber Bamboo

Juvenile Fern on Palm Garden Trail

Juvenile Fern on Palm Garden Trail

Earliest Records for Avery Island

Earliest collections on Avery Island

Behind Timber Bamboo

Behind Timber Bamboo

Pteris cretica  (Pteridaceae)  The Cretan Brake Fern, The Avery Fern

Pteris cretica, almost pantropical in distribution, is so common in cultivation and escapes so easily in warmer regions that its true native home remains uncertain, although it is thought to have originated on the island of Crete.  Some authorities have labeled it indigenous to tropical America, including several states in the Southeastern United States.

The earliest record for Pteris cretica in Louisiana is from Avery Island on October 18, 1910, by R. S. Cocks, a botany professor at Tulane University.  He visited the island three years later, in April 1913, and made a second collection of the fern, commenting on the label “Deep ravines, very abundant.”  1913 was long before the formation of Jungle Gardens and the beginning of the exotic plant collections, indicating that the fern was not introduced to Avery Island as part of horticultural expansion. This information supports John Small’s claim that Pteris cretica could be indigenous to Avery (and other parts of Louisiana) as well as Florida.

There are two varieties of Pteris cretica that occur in the wild in Florida and Louisiana. Both have been found on Avery Island and both have been referred to as the Avery fern.  Pteris cretica var cretica is represented by herbarium specimens from collections up until the 1960s (this is the only variety collected on Weeks Island), but Pteris cretica var. albolineata is the variety now found living on Avery.   P. cretica var cretica has all green foliage, whereas albolineata has a bright white stripe down the middle of each leaflet.  Prof.  Clair Brown of LSU visited Avery Island many times and wrote about these ferns in his 1942 publication; Ferns and Fern Allies of Louisiana.   He states:  “It has been known there for a long time as the Avery Fern. . .” He also mentions the albolineata variety as being  “cultivated in large quantities in Jungle Gardens.”  It would be expected that by this time, the albolineata variety was brought into cultivation there by McIlhenny. Unless there is another discovery of variety cretica, it appears that albolineata is the only variety that currently survives on Avery.

I began exploring the salt dome islands of Weeks and Avery in 1971.  Prof. W. D. Reese of USL took me to a location on Weeks Island where Pteris cretica had previously occurred in abundance.   We found but a single specimen on a ravine wall that once had a thriving colony of hundreds of plants.  The plant was in such poor condition, with only a single badly tattered frond, that I considered it unworthy of making a collection.  Little did I know that would be the only plant I would find for the next 45 years.   We noticed that the ravine sides were covered in tall, clumping grasses, which indicated that the forest canopy had been seriously disturbed, allowing excessive sunlight to reach the ravines, potentially drying them out and making it very unsuitable for the ferns to persist, much less thrive.

From the 1970s-present, I explored the myriad forested ravines on Avery Island at every opportunity.  During that time, I also made several return trips to Weeks Island, always in search of the Pteris fern.   Unfortunately, the data from the specimens of the early 1900s did not document locations accurately enough that one could revisit them.   Reese and Thieret in their Botanical Study of the Five Islands, completed in the mid 1960s, found Pteris cretica on Weeks, but not on Avery.  It seemed like the fern might have completely vanished from Avery Island.  I always held out hope, however, that I would rediscover it in the “next” ravine I explored.

On October 17, 2016, I was guiding a group of university botany students on an afternoon tour of Jungle Gardens.   As we ventured on the trail in the Palm Garden, much to my surprise, I caught sight of two young plants of the Avery fern growing among the roots of a large tree along the path.   I said nothing, maintaining my composure, but I was elated to finally rediscover this fern growing on Avery Island after all the many years I had searched for it.  The following day I returned to the spot to observe the two plants in detail.  Both were juvenile plants, indicating a recent dispersal, no doubt from older mature plants.  Immediately, I began searching the nearby ravines and gullies near this location.   To my disappointment, I was unable to locate any additional ferns.

One month later, on December 16, while exploring near Sunken Gardens with Dylan Derouen, we found a weedy, disturbed area with an abundance of fern species.  As we made our way up the hillside, we found two more plants of Pteris cretica.  These were very large plants growing about 10-12 feet apart.  One was at the base of the hill, the other, a much larger plant, was higher up on the slope.   Both had fully mature, fertile fronds.  I showed these plants to Bernard Patout.  A few days later, not far from that site but inside Sunken Gardens, Bernard found a single juvenile Pteris fern growing among the stone work of a retaining wall and called it to my attention.

A full year later, December 17, 2017, while exploring for seedlings of the newly discovered Gingko trees near Bird City, I discovered more Pteris ferns.  Several distinct clumps of mature plants were scattered along the banks of a shady, shallow ravine that lies behind the grove of Giant Timber Bamboo not far from the Gingko trees.

After so many decades of failed searches for the Avery Fern, it has been rediscovered, thriving on the island, though in smaller numbers than decades past. I am optimistic there are more Pteris cretica populations waiting to be found on Avery Island.